Botswana - Wikipedia. Botswana (), officially the Republic of Botswana (Tswana: Lefatshe la Botswana), is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to themselves as Batswana (singular: Motswana). It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but at most is a few hundred metres long. Around 1. 0 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city, Gaborone.
Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world—with a GDP per capita of about US$7. Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the fastest- growing economies in the world. The economy is dominated by mining, cattle, and tourism. Botswana boasts a GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita of about $1. The country has been among the hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The death rate due to AIDS or AIDS- related causes has fallen sharply (5. The original inhabitants of southern Africa were the Bushmen (San) and Khoi peoples.
Both speak Khoisan languages and lived as hunter- gatherers. About a thousand years ago, large chiefdoms emerged that were later eclipsed by the Great Zimbabwe empire, which spread into eastern Botswana. Around 1. 30. 0 CE, peoples in present- day Transvaal began to coalesce into three main linguistic and political groups, including the Batswana. The Batswana (plural of Motswana), a term used also to denote all citizens of Botswana, remain the country's major ethnic group today. Prior to European contact, the Batswana lived as herders and farmers under tribal rule. As groups broke off and moved to new land, new tribes were created.
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Some human development occurred before the colonial period. Contacts with Europeans. To resist these pressures, Shaka, the king of the Zulu Empire, mobilised an army. Conquered tribes began to move northwest into Botswana, destroying everything in their path. In their efforts to re- establish themselves at the end of this period, tribes began to exchange ivory and skins for guns with European traders, who had begun to reach the interior. Christian missionaries sent from Europe also spread to the interior, often at the invitation of tribal chiefs who wanted guns and knew that the presence of missionaries encouraged traders.
By 1. 88. 0 every major village had a resident missionary, and their influence became permanent. Christianization was completed in Botswana under the reign of king Khama III (reigned 1. There were eight principal tribes (or chiefdoms); the dominant was the Bangwaketse. In the late nineteenth century, hostilities broke out between Tswana inhabitants of Botswana and Ndebele tribes who were making incursions into the territory from the north- east.
Tensions also escalated with the Dutch Boer settlers from the Transvaal to the east. After appeals by the Batswana leaders Khama III, Bathoen and Sebele for assistance, the British Government put Bechuanaland under its protection on 3. March 1. 88. 5. The southern territory, British Bechuanaland, became part of the Cape Colony and is now part of the northwest province of South Africa.
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The majority of Setswana- speaking people today live in South Africa. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1. British colonies in the region, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basutoland (now Lesotho), and Swaziland (the High Commission Territories) were not included, but provision was made for their later incorporation. However, the UK began to consult with their inhabitants as to their wishes. Although successive South African governments sought to have the territories transferred to their jurisdiction, the UK kept delaying; consequently, it never occurred.
The election of the Nationalist government in 1. South Africa's withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1. UK or these territories agreeing to incorporation into South Africa. An expansion of British central authority and the evolution of tribal government resulted in the 1. Africans and Europeans. A European- African advisory council was formed in 1. Independence. The seat of government was moved in 1.
Mafikeng in South Africa, to the newly established Gaborone, which is located near Botswana's border with South Africa. Based on the 1. 96. September 1. 96. 6. Masire retired from office in 1. He was succeeded by Festus Mogae, who was elected in his own right in 1.
The presidency passed in 2. Ian Khama (son of the first President), who had been serving as Mogae's Vice- President since resigning his position in 1. Commander of the Botswana Defence Force to take up this civilian role.
A long- running dispute over the northern border with Namibia's Caprivi Strip was the subject of a ruling by the International Court of Justice in December 1. It ruled that Kasikili Island belongs to Botswana. It is similar in size to Madagascar or France.
It lies between latitudes 1. Botswana is dominated by the Kalahari Desert, which covers up to 7. The Okavango Delta, one of the world's largest inland deltas, is in the northwest.
The Makgadikgadi Pan, a large salt pan, lies in the north. The Limpopo River Basin, the major landform of all of southern Africa, lies partly in Botswana, with the basins of its tributaries, the Notwane, Bonwapitse, Mahalapswe, Lotsane, Motloutse and the Shashe, located in the eastern part of the country. The Notwane provides water to the capital through the Gaborone Dam. The Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and Namibia's Zambezi Region.
The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a place called Kazungula (meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and his Makololo tribe crossed the Zambezi into Zambia). Ecology. In addition to the delta and desert areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where blue wildebeest, antelopes, and other mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining large populations of the endangered African wild dog.
Chobe National Park, found in the Chobe District, has the world's largest concentration of African elephants. The park covers about 1. The Chobe National Park and Moremi Game Reserve (in the Okavango Delta) are major tourist destinations.
Other reserves include the Central Kalahari Game Reserve located in the Kalahari desert in Ghanzi District; Makgadikgadi Pans National Park and Nxai Pan National Park are in Central District in the Makgadikgadi Pan. Mashatu Game Reserve is privately owned: located where the Shashe River and Limpopo River meet in eastern Botswana. The other privately owned reserve is Mokolodi Nature Reserve near Gaborone. There are also specialised sanctuaries like the Khama Rhino Sanctuary (for rhinoceros) and Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (for flamingos). They are both located in Central District.
Environmental problems. The desertification problems predominantly stem from the severe times of drought in the country. Three quarters of the country's human and animal populations depend on groundwater due to drought. Groundwater use through deep borehole drilling has somewhat eased the effects of drought. Surface water is scarce in Botswana and less than 5% of the agriculture in the country is sustainable by rainfall.
In the remaining 9. Approximately 7. 1% of the country's land is used for communal grazing, which has been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion of the country. The animal populations have continued to dramatically increase. From 1. 96. 6 to 1. Degradation is exacerbated by the effects of drought and climate change.
The United States Government has also entered into an agreement with Botswana, giving them $7 million US dollars to reduce Botswana's debt by $8. US dollars. The stipulation of the US reducing Botswana's debt is that Botswana will focus on more extensive conservation of the land. To help change this the UNDP joined in with a project started in the southern community of Struizendam in Botswana. The purpose of the project is to draw from . The leaders of this movement are supposed to be the people in the community, to draw them in, in turn increasing their possibilities to earn an income and thus decreasing poverty. The UNDP also stated that the government has to effectively implement policies to allow people to manage their own local resources and are giving the government information to help with policy development. The politics of Botswana take place in a framework of a representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi- party system.
Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Botswana. The most recent election, its eleventh, was held on 2. October 2. 01. 4. Since independence was declared, the party system has been dominated by the Botswana Democratic Party. Judiciary. The High Court is a superior court of record with unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any criminal, civil or constitutional cases under any law.
Appeals can be heard by the Court of Appeal. The Head of the High Court is the Chief Justice. The Head of the Court of Appeal is the Judge President. Judges are appointed by the President of Botswana on the recommendation of the Judicial Services Commission.
Chief Justices. Dyke. Hayfron Benjamin. O'Brien Quinn. 19. Livesey Luke. 19. Moleleki Didwell Mokama. Julian Mukwesu Nganunu.
Maruping Dibotelo. Foreign relations and military.
It was only after the Rhodesian and South African militaries struck respectively against the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe. The United States has been the largest single foreign contributor to the development of the BDF, and a large segment of its officer corps have received U.
S. The Botswana government gave the United States permission to explore the possibility of establishing an Africa Command (AFRICOM) base in the country.
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